April 2009

China's significant health gains during the 1960s and 1970s earned worldwide recognition. Following onset of economic reforms in the 1980s, however, the primary health care system was weakened, reducing access to both curative and preventive services. Specific steps were taken in the 1990s and 2000s to improve unequal access to growing problems of maternal care, and HIV/AIDS prevention. The World Bank-funded Health IX project was devised to combat these two growing problems with differing development objectives, target populations, and activities. The report is ultimately favorable but finds that more attention could be devoted to process evaluation and lesson learning during project implementation, and measurement of capacity building could be more explicitly considered.

Over the past twenty years China has become an active participant in U.N. peacekeeping, a development that will benefit the international community. Beijing has the capacity to expand its contributions further and should be encouraged to do so. China’s approach to peacekeeping has evolved considerably since it assumed its U.N. Security Council (U.N.S.C.) seat in 1971, when it rejected the entire concept of peacekeeping. Now, with over 2,000 peacekeepers serving in ten U.N. peacekeeping operations worldwide, China’s motivations for supporting and participating in peacekeeping have led it to adopt a case-by-case approach that balances those motivations against its traditional adherence to non- intervention. This pragmatic policy shift paves the way for China to provide much-needed personnel as well as political support and momentum for peacekeeping at a time when both conflicts and peacekeeping operations are becoming more complex. China’s involvement also further binds it to the international system. Overall, China’s growing role is helping to fill the growing shortfall in capacity and resources. The lack of available and qualified police for peacekeeping is one area in which China is already making a significant contribution. As a low-cost and effective means of contributing to international peace and stability, China should be encouraged to continue increasing its participation in peacekeeping, and the U.N. and Western countries should continue to provide support to and encourage China in its peacekeeping efforts.